Unfortunately, these attributes also make it susceptible to injury and chronic pain. The rotator cuff is an intricate group of muscles and tendons that internally and externally rotate the shoulder and stabilize the joint. A review of literature led by Jeffrey Osborne from Beaumont Hospital in Royal Oak, Michigan concluded that adequate rehabilitation was critical for restoring pain-free and effective movement in the shoulder joint after injury. Rotator cuff injuries are extremely common in athletes and in older adults. By age 80, 62% of people have rotator cuff injuries, many of which are undetected. Treatment depends on the degree of injury, activity levels and age. These injuries are usually treated conservative at first, using a variety of exercises and treatment modalities. Surgical repair is usually indicated when conservative methods fail. Unfortunately, surgically repaired rotator cuffs are vulnerable to re-injury, which limits the progression of rehabilitation.